STEVE. Task 6. History of art and photography assignment.

Ancient times: 'The camera obscura was one of the first inventions that led to photography. It was a darkened room that had one "pin hole" of light coming into it that projected an image of the surroundings outside the room onto the wall opposite- of course the image projected was upside down but by using mirrors they were able to turn the image shown right side up. The image was then projected onto paper and traced by artists so they could create an accurate representation.


16/17 th Century: The camera obsura's quality and brightness were improved by enlarging the hole and inserting a simple lens. John Dolland developed the achromatic telescope lens in 1758 which again improved the camera obsura because this lens corrected the distortion of the image, the image would be more likely to be in focus now and better coloured;

by the middle of the 17th century the portable camera obsura had being produced and was used by artists frequently. In 1727 Professor J Schulze accidentally came across the first photo sensitive compound by mixing chalk, nitric acid and silver in a flask.

1790-1795: Thomas Wedgwood makes "Sun prints" by using light and heat to change the chemical substances on a chosen material(leather,glass etc) impregnated with silver nitrate. unfortunately the images were only temporary and deteriorated quickly unless viewed under candle light. He was unsuccessful at producing permanent image as he couldn't fix the images he made.


1816: Joseph Nicephore Niepce and his brother experimented with photosensitive paper and the camera obsura, in 1826 Niepce creates the first ever permanent image (Heliograph) using pewter plates in the camera obsura, taking 8 hours to expose. (see task 1 for more detail.)
oldest photograph documented.

1834: Henry Fox Talbot experiments using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with salt solution to create the first ever permanent negative of an image. (see task 1 for more detail.)
1835: Talbot takes the photo of his library window creating the first negative image, he then created positive images by contact printing onto another piece of paper. (see task 1 for more detail.)

1837: Louis Daguerre created images on silver-plated copper coated with silver iodide and developed with warmed mercury which produced a one single positive image. This prints took under 30 minutes to develop and to finished "daguerreotype" has to be framed behind glass with the edges sealed to stop oxidation of the silver. Every image made by this process was an original and only one copy could be made this is the main reason this process was not used after 20 years of it's invention because Talbot invented a process which meant they could be more then one copy of an image.

1840: suggestions were made in attempt to improve Talbots process; Sir John Herschel suggeted that he fixed his images in sodium thiosulhate, another suggested he used silver iodide and developed them in gallic acid Talbots use of paper negatives made sure they were not classed as "Daguerreotypes"

1841: Talbot sells his process under the name "calotype" with 5 minutes exposure which become the worlds first multi-copy photo process. In the same year Joesph Petzval mathematically calculated compound lens of f/3.6 reducing daguerreotype exposure time to 1 minute.

1851: Fredrick Scott Archer a London based Sculptor improves photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/postive porcress permitted unlimited reproductions. This process was not sold but it was published.

1861: Thomas Sutton developed and sold "single lens reflex plate camera" in the same year he developed the panoramic camera "The Shutton", Oliver Wendall Holmes invented "Stereoscopic"/3D imaging.
-One type of 3D imaging glasses, used by the military to see aerial photographs.
- Another type of 3D imaging (card) for viewing of scenes from nature.

Also in 1861 James Clerk-Maxwell tested the three colour theory of light, this experiment showed that by taking three black and white photographs one taken with a red filter, one with a blue filter and one with a green filter and then put together into one image then what is produced is one reasonably fully coloured image. It was named the "colour separation method" and it was the first to produced coloured photograph.
- The first permanent color photograph (by James Clerk-Maxwell)

1865- copy write was introduced.

1871- Richard Leach Maddox, a doctor suggested the use od an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate "the dry plate silver bromide process" this meant that negatives did not need to be developed straight away. Exposure time of 1/25th of a second was now possible.

1878- Edward Muybridge a.k.a Muggridge made a high speed photographic demonstration to prove if all a horse's hooves leave the ground when they gallop using a trip-wire system- hit was fond that all the horses hooves do lave the ground. He then went no to crates a huge collection of photographs f different animals in motion.


1888: The USA made the first Kodak number 1 camera- the first simplified camera system for everyone it used a 20 foot roll of paper, the next year (1889) Kodak improved this by using film instead of paper.

1890: Two British scientists (Hurter and Drifffield) invented the first independent speed rating for emulsions "H & D numbers" which led to be the current ISO numbers on film boxes the current day and age.

1891: Gabriel Lippman succeeds in producing a coloured image directly in the camera from one exposure using the principle of light interference by newton. It required long exposures and the results could not be copied.

1895- Auguste and Louis Lumiere demonstrate a cinema projector capable of showing 16 frames a second; inventing the cinematographe. This cinematograph was also used as a film camera and developer.






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